Virginia Tech Wifi

On campus, there are 2 wireless networks. eduroam is the preferred method, which uses PEAP-MSCHAPv2 to authenticate to the RADIUS server, while the second SSID, VirginiaTech, provides a captive-portal and allows for guest account creation.

As of January 2015 the preferred method of wireless access at Virginia Tech is through the eduroam network. eduroam is a secure wireless access service that was developed for the use of research and educational institutions. One of the advantages of the eduroam network is that you will be able to connect to the Internet at any participating institution using your Virginia Tech credentials. The eduroam-US site provides a technical overview of how the network authenticates you to the Virginia Tech RADIUS servers.

General Connection Information

eduroam

The following settings are recommended for connecting to the eduroam network:

• SSID: eduroam
• EAP: PEAP
• Phase 2: MSCHAPv2
• Root CA: "USERTrust RSA Certification Authority" or pin the certificate (see below)
• Server Name: eduroam.nis.vt.edu
• Identity: pid@vt.edu (So if your PID was "hokiebird", hokiebird@vt.edu)
• Anonymous Identity: anonymous@vt.edu
• Password: Your Network Password

Regardless of what software you use to establish your connection, you must first set your remote (network) passphrase by going to my.vt.edu→Settings→Change Network Password.

Obtaining the Certificate Chain

The certificate presented by the RADIUS server is chained as such:

• USERTrust RSA Certification Authority
  • InCommon RSA Server CA
    • eduroam.nis.vt.edu

Below is where to obtain each of these, along with some metadata. The filenames are arbitrary, but will be used for the rest of this article. For every certificate (especially the root, the signature chain helps with the rest), consider where you are obtaining it from and how much trust that you are getting what you think you are. You will probably want the PEM formatted certificate, if you have the option.

USERTrust RSA Certification Authority

Filename: USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority.pem

Subject: C = US, ST = New Jersey, L = Jersey City, O = The USERTRUST Network, CN = USERTrust RSA Certification Authority

This is a common root CA and should have shipped with your OS. It is likely located in /etc/ssl/certs/USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority.pem. Note that if you follow the Authority Information Access of the intermediate certificate, it may direct you to a URL which points to a different version of this certficate, which is cross signed by AddTrust and expires in May 2020. The one in your cert store is self-signed and expires in 2038. You want the one from your cert store.

InCommon RSA Server CA

Filename: InCommonRSAServerCA_2.pem

Subject: C = US, ST = MI, L = Ann Arbor, O = Internet2, OU = InCommon, CN = InCommon RSA Server CA

This is an intermediate certificate issued by InCommon. You can get it directly from InCommon here.

eduroam.nis.vt.edu

Filename: eduroam.nis.vt.edu.pem

Subject: C = US, postalCode = 24061, ST = Virginia, L = Blacksburg, street = 800 Washington St. SW, O = Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, OU = Secure Identity Services, CN = eduroam.nis.vt.edu

This can be obtained from the VT Certificate Manager. This requires PID login. Search for "eduroam.nis.vt.edu". Grab the certificate most recently issued.

Validating the certificate

1. Obtain all certificates in the chain in PEM format
2. Concatenate the non-leaf certificates in to a single file:

$ cat USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority.pem InCommonRSAServerCA_2.pem > ca.pem

3. Verify the certificates are signed correctly

$ openssl verify -verbose -purpose sslserver -CAfile ca.pem eduroam.nis.vt.edu.pem
eduroam.nis.vt.edu.pem: OK

4. For at least the root and leaf certificates, verify the subject (compare to above)

$ openssl x509 -in file_of_cert_you_want_to_check -noout -subject

Certificate Pinning

Due to vulnerabilities in the MSCHAPv2 protocol that allow the protocol to be cracked quickly with a 100% success rate, it is absolutely critical that the RADIUS server certificate be validated properly before attempting authentication. Where possible, we opt for the highest level of verification of the certificate: manually pinning the hash of the certificate we expect to be presented. The canonical form of the hash used by many network managers is the SHA256 hash of the DER encoding of the certificate.

Validate the certificate (see above) then generate the sha256 hash:

$ openssl x509 -in eduroam.nis.vt.edu.crt -outform der | sha256sum
9b5163a3360f07b2dce2fd1e958c541687cf4c5360bb8adc87fa821c1c969910  -

It is recommended that you perform these steps yourself rather than trusting the certificate hash presented in the configurations below.

Note: As we are pinning the certificate instead of relying on a PKI, when NI&S rotates the certificates being used (at least every year), the configuration will need to be updated to match the new certificate.

Getting your network password hash

MSCHAPv2 verifies the NT4 hash of your password, not the password itself. This means knowing the hash of the password is sufficient to connect to authenticate. Depending on the client, you may be able to store the hash in your config instead of the password. To reiterate, this hash is just as sensitive as your password. The hash is less human memorable, though, and does act as a deterrent to shoulder-surfing.

To derive the password hash, you can:

printf 'YOUR-NETW-ORKP-SSWD' \
  | iconv -f ASCII -t UTF-16LE \
  | openssl md4 \
  | cut -d ' ' -f 2

A Word of Caution

Although you can verify connection to the Virginia Tech RADIUS servers you must keep in mind that you are connecting to a network that you do not control. It is possible that there are network monitors in place which can record and potentially modify traffic.

We encourage you to take precautions against network eavesdropping and mischief (on the eduroam network, and in general). Potential countermeasures that one might want to employ include using HTTPS when connecting to sites, using a VPN, or using the Tor Browser Bundle.

For general tips on improving your security while using the network, consider reading the EFF's Surveillance Self-Defense tips, reading Hokie Privacy, and/or contacting the Virginia Tech Information Security Office.

NetworkManager Instructions

In the list of wireless networks, select "eduroam". Set the following options:

• Wi-Fi security: WPA & WPA2 Enterprise
• Authentication: Protected EAP (PEAP)
• Anonymous identity: anonymous@vt.edu
• Domain: nis.vt.edu
• CA certificate: Select /path/to/USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority.pem via the file picker
• PEAP version: Automatic
• Inner authentication: MSCHAPv2
• Username: PID@vt.edu
• Password: YOUR_NETWORK_PASSWORD

wpa_supplicant Instructions

wpa_supplicant is a cross-platform supplicant which implements IEEE 802.1x/WPA and is used in many Linux/UNIX distributions.

In order to connect to the eduroam network, add the following to /etc/wpa_supplicant/eduroam.conf modifying the identity and password to reflect your PID and Network Password:

ctrl_interface=DIR=/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=wheel
update_config=1 
fast_reauth=1
ap_scan=1

network={
    ssid="eduroam"
    proto=RSN
    key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
    eap=PEAP
    phase2="auth=MSCHAPV2"
    anonymous_identity="anonymous@vt.edu"
    #THIS HASH IS OUT OF DATE, PLEASE FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS ABOVE
    # if you prefer to pin the certificate
    ca_cert="hash://server/sha256/216c5f2568c6e84860b12535efe93500623ccee999306b84260f951bcbd57b1a"
    # if you prefer to dynamically validate the certificate by its cryptographic attributes
    ca_cert="/path/to/USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority.pem"
    domain_match="eduroam.nis.vt.edu"
    identity="YourPidHere@vt.edu"
    password="YourNetworkPasswordHere"
}

You can then connect to the network by running (where wlan0 is your wireless interface):

$ sudo wpa_supplicant -B -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant/eduroam.conf
$ sudo dhcpcd wlan0

On OpenBSD, the process is a little more complicated:

# ifconfig wlan0 nwid eduroam wpa wpaakms 802.1x up
# /usr/local/sbin/wpa_supplicant -B -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
# dhclient wlan0
# ifconfig wlan0 inet6 autoconf

Alternate config options, besides domain_match are as follows (obviously not correct):

subject_match="/C=US/ST=CA/L=San Francisco/CN=Test AS/emailAddress=as@example.com"
domain_suffix_match="nis.vt.edu"

More thorough documentation is available at [2]

netctl Instructions

netctl is a network manager which is native to the ArchLinux distribution. netctl makes use of wpa_supplicant under the hood, and so the configuration is similar.

Put the following configuration in /etc/netctl/eduroam with your proper PID and Network Password. Further, this assumes that your wireless network device is wlan0, which you might have to change to match your system. The ca_cert line pins the server certificate and can be generated/validated using the mechanism described above.

Description='Federated Educational Wifi Network'
Interface=wlan0
Connection=wireless
Security=wpa-configsection

IP=dhcp
IP6=stateless

WPAConfigSection=(
    'ssid="eduroam"'
    'proto=RSN'
    'key_mgmt=WPA-EAP'
    'eap=PEAP'
    'phase2="auth=MSCHAPV2"'
    'anonymous_identity="anonymous@vt.edu"'
    'ca_cert="hash://server/sha256/216c5f2568c6e84860b12535efe93500623ccee999306b84260f951bcbd57b1a"'
    'domain_match="eduroam.nis.vt.edu"'
    'identity="YourPidHere@vt.edu"'
    'password="YourNetworkPasswordHere"'
)

The ConfigSection (as per the netctl.profile manpage) is just what you would put in a wpa_supplicant config. Again, note that the domain_match is less secure than ca_cert, but better than not checking at all.

Ensure that this file is owned by root and only readable by root:

$ sudo chown root:root /etc/netctl/eduroam
$ sudo chmod 600 /etc/netctl/eduroam

You can then start the connection using standard netctl methods:

$ sudo netctl start eduroam

connman Instructions

This config should be useable with connman. Replace Passphrase and Identity with your Network password and PID@vt.edu, respectively.

[global]
Name = eduroam
Description = Optionally put something descriptive here.

[service_wifi_3c15c2e29584_656475726f616d_managed_ieee8021x]
Type = wifi
Name = eduroam
EAP = peap
CACertFile = /etc/ssl/certs/USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority.pem
DomainMatch = eduroam.nis.vt.edu
AnonymousIdentity = anonymous@vt.edu
Phase2 = MSCHAPV2
Identity = PID@vt.edu
Passphrase = NETWORKPASSWORD

iwd Instructions

This is a sample configuration, usually located at something like /var/lib/iwd/eduroam.8021x. For details, read iwd.network(5).

[Security]
EAP-Method = PEAP
EAP-Identity = anonymous@vt.edu
EAP-PEAP-CACert = embed:USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority
EAP-PEAP-ServerDomainMask = eduroam.nis.vt.edu
EAP-PEAP-Phase2-Method = MSCHAPV2
EAP-PEAP-Phase2-Identity = PID@vt.edu
EAP-PEAP-Phase2-Password-Hash = 8846f7eaee8fb117ad06bdd830b7586c

[@pem@USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority]
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Android Instructions

Sample Android configuration of eduroam, but crucially lacking certificate validation.

A sample configuration is available to the right, but as this configuration is currently lacking CA certificate validation, we do not at this time recommend connecting to the network.

The Identity needs to be modified to match your PID@vt.edu, and your Network Password needs to be entered in the Password field.

Steps:

• From the home screen, press the menu button and choose "Settings"→"Wireless & networks"→"Wi-Fi settings".
• Remove any existing entries for eduroam.
• From the "WiFi networks" listing, click on eduroam.
• Choose PEAP as the EAP method and MSCHAPv2 as the phase two authentication mechanism.
• Enter your pid@vt.edu for the identity
• Enter "anonymous@vt.edu" for the anonymous identity
• Enter your Network Password for the password
• Press "Connect".

TODO: Android certificate validation

Quick and dirty options for validating the eduroam certificate, in order from least secure to most secure:

1. Do not validate: you will get online, but are vulnerable to leaking your network credentials and connecting to a rouge network.
2. (Android 7.1+ only) Use system certificates: This will check to make sure the certificate chains back to some CA in the system cert store. This is significantly better than no validation, but still not very good. You may also need to specify a domain. If so, use "eduroam.nis.vt.edu" or "nis.vt.edu"
3. Download and import the USERTrust Root CA: detailed instructions to come. Since you are still not checking the CN, it is only marginally better than using system certificates.
4. Use the eduroam CAT tool: this will setup the whole wireless profile and use the correct CA and verify the CN. As such, it is the preferred method. Warning, it is ugly. If you have an existing "eduroam" profile, you will need to remove it. When it prompts for the username and password, use <YOUR-PID>@vt.edu and your network password. It relies on geolocation to prompt for the profile for the right school. You may need to go outside to get a good GPS signal. If it is able to do geo-ip (e.g., you are connected to the "VirginiaTech" SSID), it gets you close enough.

NOTE: Android 11 does not allow not verifying the server certificate.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is eduroam free?

eduroam at Virginia Tech is free for:

• VT affiliates with wireless entitlements (includes students) access and network passwords
• Users at other participating institutions

Why is eduroam the preferred SSID?

Using eduroam has several advantages:

• The unencrypted portion of your authentication optionally identifies you as "anonymous@vt.edu" rather than revealing your PID
• You have access to seamless roaming if you ever travel to another participating college campus
• The anonymous identity feature separates RADIUS authentication logs from the network access provider's logs

Does eduroam support EAP-TLS?

Currently, the Virginia Tech eduroam RADIUS servers are not configured for EAP-TLS.

References

Network Information Sources

• Communications Network Services: Wireless LAN
• Virginia Tech IP Addresses