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Since the fall of 2008On campus, there have been two are 2 wireless networks on campus. One network, called :* '''VT-Wirelesseduroam''', encrypts all traffic : uses federated credentials and is secured with EAP-TLS or PEAP-MSCHAPv2the preferred method. The other network, called [[VT_WLAN]] was an unencrypted network captive portal using PID * '''VirginiaTech''': for guests and devices that cannot use the authentication. In July, 2013 VT_WLAN was superseded by CONNECTtoVT-Wireless, an unencrypted, captive portal wireless network designed to set up connecting to VT-Wireless without offering Internet access. Due to user issues faced during deployment, CONNECTtoVT-Wireless began offering captive portal access to VT users. In January 2015, method of '''eduroam''' access was enabled, allowing members of any eduroam-affiliated institution .Any remotely modern/complete Linux or Unix system will be able to use wifi at any other institution. Connections connect to VT-Wireless and eduroam are secure by default, and has one of two different methods to connectwithout any issues.
As of January 2015 the [https://www.computing.vt.edu/content/Because '''eduroam preferred method] of wireless access at Virginia Tech is through the [https://eduroam.org/ Eduroam] network. Eduroam is ''''s credentials are federated, it means that a wireless access service that was developed for the use of research and educational institutions. One of the advantages of the Eduroam network over the VT-Wireless network user is that you will be able to automatically connect to the Internet at any participating institution using your Virginia Tech credentialsinstitutions. The Eduroameduroam-US site provides a [https://www.eduroam.us/technical_overview technical overview] of how the network authenticates you to the Virginia Tech RADIUS serversauthentication system.
<!-- ==General Connection Information=====eduroam===The following settings are recommended for connecting to the eduroam network: * '''SSID:''' eduroam* '''EAP:'''PEAP-* '''Phase 2:''' MSCHAPv2* '''Root CA:''' is a wireless authentication scheme used "USERTrust RSA Certification Authority" or pin the certificate (see below)* '''Server Name:''' eduroam.nis.vt.edu* '''Identity:''' pid@vt.edu (So if your PID was "hokiebird", hokiebird@vt.edu)* '''Anonymous Identity:''' anonymous@vt.edu* '''Password:''' [https://www.computing.vt.edu/kb/entry/3765 Your Network Password] ''Regardless of what software you use to establish your connection, you must first set your remote (network) passphrase by Virginia Tech as an alternative going to [[EAP-TLS]https://my.vt.edu my.vt.edu] →Settings→Change Network Password.'' ===Obtaining the Certificate Chain=== The certificate presented by the RADIUS server is chained as such: * USERTrust RSA Certification Authority** InCommon RSA Server CA *** eduroam.nis.vt.edu Below is where to obtain each of these, along with some metadata. The filenames are arbitrary, but will be used for connections the rest of this article. For every certificate (''especially'' the root, the signature chain helps with the rest), consider where you are obtaining it from and how much trust that you are getting what you think you are. You will probably want the PEM formatted certificate, if you have the option. ====USERTrust RSA Certification Authority==== ''Filename:'' USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority.pem ''Subject:'' C = US, ST = New Jersey, L = Jersey City, O = The USERTRUST Network, CN = USERTrust RSA Certification Authority This is a common root CA and should have shipped with your OS. It is likely located in <code>/etc/ssl/certs/USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority.pem</code>. Note that if you follow the Authority Information Access of the intermediate certificate, it may direct you to a URL which points to a different version of this certficate, which is cross signed by AddTrust and expired in May 2020. The one in your cert store is self-signed and expires in 2038. You want the one from your cert store. ====InCommon RSA Server CA==== ''Filename:'' InCommonRSAServerCA_2.pem ''Subject:'' C = US, ST = MI, L = Ann Arbor, O = Internet2, OU = InCommon, CN = InCommon RSA Server CA This is an intermediate certificate issued to InCommon. You can get it directly from InCommon [[VT-Wireless]http://crt.usertrust.com/InCommonRSAServerCA_2.crt here]. --> ====eduroam.nis.vt.edu====
==Connection information=====''Filename:'' eduroam===The following settings are recommended for connecting to the Eduroam network:.nis.vt.edu.pem
* SSID''Subject: eduroam* EAP: PEAP* Phase 2: MSCHAPv2* Identity: pid@vt'' C = US, postalCode = 24061, ST = Virginia, L = Blacksburg, street = 800 Washington St.edu (So if your PID was "hokiebird"SW, O = Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, hokiebird@vt.edu)* Anonymous OU = Secure Identity: anonymous@vt.edu* Password: [https://wwwServices, CN = eduroam.computingnis.vt.edu/kb/entry/3765 Your Network Password]
====This can be obtained from the [https://certs.it.vt.edu/search VT Certificate pinning====Manager]. This requires PID login. Search for "eduroam.nis.vt.edu". Grab the certificate most recently issued.
Where possible, we opt for the highest level of verification of the certificate: manually pinning the hash of the certificate we expect to be presented. The canonical form of the hash used by many network managers is the SHA256 hash of the DER encoding of ===Validating the certificate.===
In order to generate <ol><li> Obtain ''all'' certificates in the certificate hash, download chain ''in PEM format'' </li><li> Concatenate the certificate by clicking the "Download" link on the [httpsnon-leaf certificates in to a single file:</li><pre>$ cat USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority.pem InCommonRSAServerCA_2.pem > ca.pem</pre><li> Verify the certificates are signed correctly </ashli><pre>$ openssl verify -verbose -purpose sslserver -CAfile ca.eprovpem eduroam.setinis.vt.edu.pemeduroam.nis.vt.edu.pem: OK</EJBCAWebRequestpre><li> For at least the root and leaf certificates, verify the subject (compare to above) </certSearch?cmd=search&keyword=VTli><pre>$ openssl x509 -in file_of_cert_you_want_to_check -Wireless Certificate Search for VTnoout -Wireless] (Unfortunately this site is only available to Virginia Tech IPs)subject</pre></ol>
Validate that the downloaded certificate is in fact signed by the (Now Obsolete) [https://secure.hosting.vt.edu/www.pki.vt.edu/developer/rootca.html#globalserver Virginia Tech Global Server CA] chain.===Certificate Pinning===
Then Validate the certificate (see above) then generate the sha256 hash (in the directory where the certificate downloaded to):
We encourage you to take precautions against network eavesdropping and mischief (on To derive the Eduroam networkpassword hash, and in general). Potential countermeasures that one might want to employ include using [httpsyou can://www.eff.org/HTTPS<pre>printf 'YOUR-NETW-ORKP-SSWD' \ | iconv -f ASCII -t UTF-16LE \ | openssl dgst -EVERYWHERE HTTPS when connecting to sites], using a [https://www.computing.vt.edu/content/virtualmd4 \ | cut -privated ' ' -network VPN], or using the [https://www.torproject.orgf 2</ Tor Browser Bundle].pre>
For general tips on improving your security while If you are using the networkOpenSSL 3, consider reading reading you will need to specify the EFF's [httpslegacy provider://ssd.eff.org/ Surveillance Self<pre> | openssl dgst -md4 -Defense] tips and/or contacting the [https://security.vt.eduprovider legacy \</ Virginia Tech Information Security Office].pre>
==Set For general tips on improving your remote access (security while using the network) passphrase==Regardless of what software you use to establish your connection, you must first set your remote passphrase by going to consider reading the EFF's [https://ssd.eff.org/ Surveillance Self-Defense] tips, reading [https://mywww.vthokieprivacy.edu myorg/ Hokie Privacy], and/or contacting the [https://security.vt.edu/ Virginia Tech Information Security Office]→Settings→Change Network Password.
* From In the home screenlist of wireless networks, press the menu button and choose "Settings"→"Wireless & networks"→select "Wi-Fi settingseduroam".* Remove any existing entries for {{{networks|the network you'd like to add or any conflicting network}}}.* From Set the "WiFi networks" listing, click on {{{network|the network you'd like to add}}}.* Choose PEAP as the EAP method and MSCHAPv2 as the phase two authentication mechanism.* Enter your credentials for the identity and press "Connect".following options:
==NetworkManager==* Wi-Fi security: WPA & WPA2 Enterprise===eduroam * Authentication: Protected EAP (preferredPEAP)===* In your wireless configuration program, select eduroamAnonymous identity: anonymous@vt.edu* Choose PEAP as the EAP typeDomain: nis.vt.edu* Choose MSCHAPv2 as CA certificate: Select <code>/path/to/USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority.pem</code> via the file picker* PEAP version: Automatic* Inner authentication method.: MSCHAPv2* Use Username: PID@vt.edu and network passphrase as your login credentials.* Use anonymous@vt.edu as your Anonymous Identity* '''TODOPassword:''' Certificate verificationYOUR_NETWORK_PASSWORD
===VT-Wireless (legacy)===* In your wireless configuration program, select VT-Wireless.* Choose PEAP as the EAP type.* Choose MSCHAPv2 as the authentication method.* Use your {{{identity|PID}}} and network passphrase as your login credentials[[File:Nm settings.png]]
===For eduroam (preferred)===
===For VT-Wireless Alternate config options, besides domain_match are as follows (legacyobviously not correct)===Add the following lines to <code>/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf</code>:
ctrl_interfacesubject_match=DIR"/C=US/runST=CA/wpa_supplicant GROUPL=San Francisco/CN=wheel update_configTest AS/emailAddress=1as@example.com" fast_reauthdomain_suffix_match=1"nis.vt.edu" ap_scan=1 More thorough documentation is available at [https://w1.fi/cgit/hostap/plain/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf] network={ ssid="VT-Wireless" proto=WPA2 key_mgmt=WPA-EAP eapOpenBSD Instructions=PEAP phase2="auth=MSCHAPV2" identitySince the [[OpenBSD]] network stack doesn't support 802.1x authentication, wpa_supplicant is needed to connect. wpa_supplicant on OpenBSD is different from its Linux counterpart in that it is only capable of 802.1x authentication and nothing more. First, install wpa_supplicant from ports if it is not already installed. After that, add just the <code>network="your {{{identity|PID.. }}}"</code> portion of the above configuration to <code>/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf</code>. The wpa_supplicant service can be enabled with (where iwm0 is your wireless interface): password="your passphrase" $ rcctl enable wpa_supplicant ca_cert=" $ rcctl set wpa_supplicant flags -c /etc/ssl/certs/GlobalSign_Root_CAwpa_supplicant.conf -s -D openbsd -i iwm0 $ rcctl start wpa_supplicant Finally, connect to the network with (again, replacing iwm0 with your wireless interface): $ ifconfig iwm0 join eduroam wpa wpaakms 802.pem1x up $ dhclient iwm0 }$ ifconfig iwm0 inet6 autoconf
===eduroam (preferred)===
'domain_match="eduroam.nis.vt.edu"'
* Create a fileNOTE: Older versions of Android do not allow not verifying the server certificate. Setting both the root CA and the domain are essential for protecting your credentials. Although older versions will get you connected, '''/etc/netctl/VT-Wireless''' and place this in it: Description="VT-Wireless PEAP-MSCHAPv2" Interface=wlan0 Connection=wireless Security=wpa-configsection IP=dhcp IP6=stateless WPAConfigSection=( 'ssid="VT-Wireless"' 'proto=RSN' 'key_mgmt=WPA-EAP' 'eap=PEAP' 'phase2="auth=MSCHAPV2"' 'identity="YOUR IDENTITY"' 'password="NETWORK PASSWORD" 'ca_cert="/etc/ssl/certs/GlobalSign_Root_CAuse at your own risk.pem"' )
Make sure to change '''IDENTITY''' to your {{{identity|PID}}}, ==Frequently Asked Questions=====Is eduroam free?===eduroam at Virginia Tech is free for:* VT affiliates with wireless entitlements (includes students) access and '''NETWORK PASSWORD''' to your network password.passwords* Users at other participating institutions
* To connect===Does eduroam support EAP-TLS?===Currently, simply type the following in a terminal: sudo netctl start VTVirginia Tech eduroam RADIUS servers are not configured for EAP-WirelessTLS.
Due to vulnerabilities in the MSCHAPv2 protocol that allow the protocol to be cracked quickly with a 100% success rate<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160316174007/https://www.cloudcracker.com/blog/2012/07/29/cracking-ms-chap-v2/]</ref>, it is ''absolutely critical'' that the RADIUS server certificate be validated properly before attempting authentication. Where possible, we opt for the highest level of verification of the certificate: manually pinning the hash of the certificate we expect to be presented. (TODO)The canonical form of the hash used by many network managers is the SHA256 hash of the DER encoding of the certificate.
$ openssl x509 -in VT-Wirelesseduroam.cnsnis.vt.edu.crt -outform der | sha256sum 216c5f2568c6e84860b12535efe93500623ccee999306b84260f951bcbd57b1a 9b5163a3360f07b2dce2fd1e958c541687cf4c5360bb8adc87fa821c1c969910 -
It is recommended that you perform these steps yourself rather than trusting the certificate hash presented in the configurations below.
'''Note:''' As we are pinning the certificate instead of relying on a PKI, when CNS NI&S rotates the certificates being used(at least every year), the configuration will need to be updated to match the new certificate.
====A word of caution=Getting your network password hash===Although MSCHAPv2 verifies the NT4 hash of your password, not the password itself. This means knowing the hash of the password is sufficient to connect to authenticate. Depending on the client, you can verify connection may be able to store the Virginia Tech RADIUS servers you must keep hash in mind that you are connecting to a network that you do not controlyour config instead of the password. To reiterate, '''this hash is just as sensitive as your password'''. It The hash is possible that there are network monitors in place which can record less human memorable, though, and potentially modify trafficdoes act as a deterrent to shoulder-surfing.
===A word Word of caution on MSCHAPv2Caution===Warning: Use of PEAP-MSCHAPv2 to connect Although you can verify connection to the Virginia Tech network is strongly discouraged by the Linux and Unix Users Group due to attacks RADIUS servers you must keep in mind that can allow all traffic you are connecting to be decrypted with a 100% success rate. Unfortunately, VT has deprecated its use so users will soon lose the choice to use certificates. At DefCon 20 in July 2012, an attack was announced for MSCHAPv2 network that allows the protocol to be cracked quickly with a 100% success rate.<ref>[https://www.cloudcrackeryou do not control.com/blog/2012/07/29/cracking-ms-chap-v2/]</ref> '''Use of MSCHAPv2 It is strongly discouragedpossible that there are network monitors in place which can record and potentially modify traffic.'''
We encourage you to take precautions against network eavesdropping and mischief (on the eduroam network, and in general). Potential countermeasures that one might want to employ include using [https://www.eff.org/HTTPS-EVERYWHERE HTTPS when connecting to sites], using a [https://www.computing.vt.edu/content/virtual-private-network VPN], or using the [https://www.torproject.org/ Tor Browser Bundle].
==AndroidNetworkManager Instructions=====eduroam (preferred)===TODO=== VT-Wireless (legacy)==={{Version|2.2 (Froyo) of Android}}
==wpa_supplicantInstructions==
[http://w1.fi/wpa_supplicant/ wpa_supplicant] is a cross-platform supplicant which implements IEEE 802.1x/WPA and is used in many Linux/UNIX distributions.
ctrl_interface=DIR=/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=wheel
update_config=1
fast_reauth=1
ap_scan=1
phase2="auth=MSCHAPV2"
anonymous_identity="anonymous@vt.edu"
# if you prefer to pin the certificate, follow the instructions above to generate a hash ca_cert="hash://server/sha256/216c5f2568c6e84860b12535efe93500623ccee999306b84260f951bcbd57b1a0000111122223333444455556666777788889999aaaabbbbccccddddeeeeffff" # if you prefer to dynamically validate the certificate by its cryptographic attributes ca_cert="/path/to/USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority.pem" domain_match="eduroam.nis.vt.edu" identity="YourPidHerePID@vt.edu" password="YourNetworkPasswordHereYOUR_NETWORK_PASSWORD"
}
$ sudo dhcpcd wlan0
==netctlInstructions==
[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/netctl netctl] is a network manager which is native to the ArchLinux distribution. netctl makes use of wpa_supplicant under the hood, and so the configuration is similar.
Put the following configuration in <code>/etc/netctl/eduroam</code> with your proper PID and Network Password. Further, this assumes that your wireless network device is wlan0, which you might have to change to match your system. The ca_cert line pins the server certificate and can be generated/validated using the mechanism described above.
'anonymous_identity="anonymous@vt.edu"'
'ca_cert="hash://server/sha256/216c5f2568c6e84860b12535efe93500623ccee999306b84260f951bcbd57b1a"'
'identity="YourPidHere@vt.edu"'
'password="YourNetworkPasswordHere"'
)
The ConfigSection (as per the netctl.profile manpage) is just what you would put in a wpa_supplicant config. Again, note that the domain_match is ''less secure'' than ca_cert, but better than not checking at all.
Ensure that this file is owned by root and only readable by root:
$ sudo netctl start eduroam
==connman Instructions ==This config should be useable with connman. Replace Passphrase and Identity with your Network password and PID@vt.edu, respectively. <pre>[global]Name = eduroamDescription = Optionally put something descriptive here. [service_wifi_3c15c2e29584_656475726f616d_managed_ieee8021x]Type = wifiName = eduroamEAP = peapCACertFile = /etc/ssl/certs/USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority.pemDomainMatch = eduroam.nis.vt.eduAnonymousIdentity = anonymous@vt.eduPhase2 = MSCHAPV2Identity = PID@vt.eduPassphrase = NETWORKPASSWORD</pre> ==iwd Instructions==This is a sample configuration, usually located at something like <code>/var/lib/iwd/eduroam.8021x</code>. For VT-Wireless details, read <code>iwd.network(legacy5)</code>. <pre>[Security]EAP-Method = PEAPEAP-Identity = anonymous@vt.eduEAP-PEAP-CACert = embed:USERTrust_RSA_Certification_AuthorityEAP-PEAP-ServerDomainMask =eduroam.nis.vt.eduEAP-PEAP-Phase2-Method =MSCHAPV2EAP-PEAP-Phase2-Identity =PID@vt.eduEAP-PEAP-Phase2-Password-Hash = 8846f7eaee8fb117ad06bdd830b7586c [@pem@USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority]-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----</pre> ==Android Instructions== Tested on [[Arch LinuxFile:AndroidEduroamNoCert.png|170px|thumb|Sample Android configuration of eduroam, but crucially lacking certificate validation.]] with netctl 0 A sample configuration is available to the right, but as this configuration is currently lacking CA certificate validation, we do not at this time recommend connecting to the network. The Identity needs to be modified to match your PID@vt.edu, and your Network Password needs to be entered in the Password field. Steps:* Navigate to the list of Wi-Fi networks.* "Forget" any existing entries for eduroam.8 (updated * From the "WiFi networks" listing, click on 2013-04-12)eduroam.* Choose PEAP as the EAP method and MSCHAPv2 as the phase two authentication mechanism.* For the CA certificate, select "Use system certificates". Optionally, import the root CA from above, and select that instead for better security.* For the domain, enter ```eduroam.nis.vt.edu```* Enter your pid@vt.edu for the identity* Enter "anonymous@vt.edu" for the anonymous identity* Enter your Network Password for the password* Press "Connect".
===Why is eduroam the preferred SSID?===Using eduroam has several advantages:* After creating this file, make sure The unencrypted portion of your authentication optionally identifies you as "anonymous@vt.edu" rather than revealing your PID* You have access to change the owner seamless roaming if you ever travel to root (<code>sudo chown root:root /etc/netctl/VT-Wireless</code>) and change the permissions so that it can be read only by another participating college campus* The anonymous identity feature separates RADIUS authentication logs from the owner (<code>sudo chmod 0600 /etc/netctl/VT-Wireless</code>). This will ensure that your private key password cannot be read by others easily.network access provider's logs
==References==
<references/>
===Network Information Sources===
* [http://www.cns.vt.edu/html/wireless/wlan/index.html Communications Network Services: Wireless LAN]
* [http://computing.vt.edu/internet_and_web/internet_access/ipaddresses.html Virginia Tech IP Addresses]
[[Category:Howtos]]
[[Category:Campus computing resources]]
[[Category:Needs restoration]]